Technical English Master Note

english hum-1109 Hum-1109 Technical English

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Table of Contents

1. Sentence Structures (Question 1a)
2. Modals (Question 1b/3a)
3. Notions & Functions (Question 2b/4b)
4. WH Questions (Question 2a)
5. Clauses & Completing Sentences (Question 4)
6. Transformation of Sentences (Question 3a)
7. Phrases & Idioms (Question 1c/2c)
8. Sentence Correction (Question 3/4)
9. Vocabulary & Word Conversion (Prefix/Suffix, Synonyms, Parts of Speech)

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1. Sentence Structures

Task: You are given a formula (e.g., S + Vt + Obj) and a verb. Write a sentence matching the formula.

The 9 Master Formulas (Memorize These)

Structure Formula	Key Verbs (PYQ)	Standard Example
S + Intransitive Verb (Vi) + Adverbial	Dance, Fly, Read, Go, Sleep	The birds fly gracefully.
S + Linking Verb (LV) + Adj. Complement	Smell, Act, Look, Seem, Remain, Get	The flowers smell fragrant.
S + Linking Verb (LV) + Noun Complement	Become, Remain, Prove	He became a doctor.
S + Transitive Verb (Vt) + Object	Read, Like, Deliver, Decide	She reads books.
S + Vt + Object + Adj. Complement	Judge, Consider, Find, Believe, Leave	We judge him honest.
S + Vt + Object + Noun Complement	Elect, Call, Make, Consider, Name	We elected him chairman.
S + Vt + Indirect Obj + Direct Obj	Give, Offer, Send, Explain	He gave me a pen.
S + Vt + Gerund (ing) as Object	Stop, Start, Enjoy, Avoid	He stopped writing.
There + Verb + Subject + Extension	Live, Exist, Remain, Be	There lived a king.

Expert Hack:

• Complement vs. Object: If you can put an ”=” sign, it’s a complement. (He = Doctor $\to$ Noun Complement). If the action hits a target, it’s an object. (He kicked the ball $\to$ Object).

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2. Modals (Auxiliaries)

Task: Use a Modal to express a specific function (e.g., “Logical Deduction”).

Category A: Deduction & Certainty (Most Important)

• Logical Deduction (Present): MUST
  • Sentence: He has a Ferrari; he must be rich.
• Logical Deduction (Past): MUST HAVE
  • Sentence: The road is wet; it must have rained.
• Inference (Guessing based on clues): COULD
  • Sentence: Someone is knocking; it could be John.

Category B: Past Opportunities & Regrets (Tricky)

• Unnecessary Action in Past: NEED NOT HAVE
  • Sentence: You need not have worried about the exam. (Meaning: You worried, but it wasn’t needed).
• Missed Opportunity in Past: COULD HAVE
  • Sentence: I could have won the match if I practiced.
• Duty in Past (Regret): SHOULD HAVE
  • Sentence: You should have helped her.

Category C: Future, Probability & Habits

• Guess/Uncertainty: MAY or MIGHT
  • Sentence: It may rain tomorrow.
• Strong Possibility: BE GOING TO
  • Sentence: Look at the clouds; it is going to rain.
• Past Irregular Habit: WOULD
  • Sentence: Grandpa would tell us stories.
• Command/Arrangement: BE TO
  • Sentence: You are to leave immediately.

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3. Notions & Functions

Task: “Make a sentence expressing [Emotion/Notion].”

The Cheat Sheet (Standard Answers)

Notion	Memorize This Sentence
Greeting	Good morning, how are you?
Farewell	Good bye, see you again.
Apology	I am sorry for my mistake.
Gratitude	Thank you very much.
Approval	I approve of your decision.
Disapproval	I do not like your behavior.
Imprecation (Curse)	Go to hell. / May you suffer!
Threat	I will kill you.
Permission	May I come in, sir?
Offer	Would you like some tea?
Request	Could you please help me?
Condolence	I am sorry for your father’s death.
Sympathy	I am sorry for your failure.
Suggestion	Let us go for a walk.

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4. WH Questions

Task: Frame a question so the underlined part is the answer.

• Person (Subject): Karim came. $\to$ Who came?
• Person (Object): I met Karim. $\to$ Who did you meet? (or Whom).
• Thing/Action: I want to play. $\to$ What do you want?
• Place: I live in Khulna. $\to$ Where do you live?
• Time (Clock): It is 10 PM. $\to$ When is it? / What time is it?
• Duration: I waited for 2 hours. $\to$ How long did you wait?
• Reason: He cried because of pain. $\to$ Why did he cry?
• Measurement: He is 6 feet tall. $\to$ How tall is he?
• Description: She looks like an angel. $\to$ What does she look like?
• Possession: This is Karim’s book. $\to$ Whose book is this?

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5. Clauses

Task: Complete the sentence with a specific clause type.

A. Adverbial Clauses (The “Why, When, If” Clauses)

• Time: … when I reached home. (Keywords: When, After, Before).
• Reason: … because he was ill. (Keywords: Because, As, Since).
• Condition: … if you study hard. (Keywords: If, Unless).
• Purpose: … so that he could pass. (Keywords: So that).
• Concession: … although he is poor. (Keywords: Although, Though).

B. Noun Clauses (The “IT” Replacement)

• Definition: Acts as a subject or object. Can be replaced by “IT”.
• Examples:
  • I know… $\to$ …what he wants.
  • No one knows… $\to$ …when he will come.
  • …is certain. $\to$ That he is honest…

C. Adjective Clauses (Relative Clauses)

• Definition: Describes the noun immediately before it.
• Examples:
  • This is the book… $\to$ …which I bought yesterday.
  • I met the man… $\to$ …who helped me.

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6. Transformation of Sentences

Task: Simple $\leftrightarrow$ Complex $\leftrightarrow$ Compound, Voice, Degree.

A. Structure Rules

Simple	Complex	Compound
Too…to	So…that…cannot	Very…and
In spite of	Though/Although	But
Because of	Since/As	And/And so
By + ing	If + Affirmative	And
Without + ing	If + Negative / Unless	Or

B. Voice Change Hacks

• Universal: Object $\to$ Subject + [Be Verb] + V3 + by + Subject.
• “Know”: I know him. $\to$ He is known to me. (Never ‘by’).
• “It is time”: It is time to start. $\to$ It is time for [Obj] to be started.

C. Degree Hacks

• Superlative: Best boy.
• Comparative: Better than any other boy.
• Positive: No other boy is as good as he is.
  • Exception: If “One of the best” $\to$ Positive starts with “Very few”.

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7. Phrases & Idioms

Task: Make sentences. (Memorize these top repeats).

Latin Phrases (Definitions)

• Sine die: Indefinitely. (The meeting was adjourned sine die.)
• Ad hoc: For a special purpose. (An ad hoc committee was formed.)
• En masse: All together. (They protested en masse.)
• Bona fide: Genuine. (He is a bona fide student.)
• Vice versa: Conversely.

Idioms (Top PYQs)

• Get rid of: Dispose of. (I want to get rid of this old car.)
• At stake: At risk. (My reputation is at stake.)
• Apple of discord: Cause of quarrel. (The land was the apple of discord.)
• A dark horse: Unknown winner. (He proved to be a dark horse.)
• Butter up: Flatter. (Don’t try to butter me up.)
• Call off: Cancel. (The strike was called off.)

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8. Sentence Correction

Task: Fix the grammatical error.

Top 5 Error Types

1. Wrong Preposition:
   • Agree to (Proposal) vs Agree with (Person).
   • Interested in (Not ‘with’).
   • Afraid of (Not ‘for’).
   • Prefer X to Y (Not ‘than’).
2. Redundancy:
   • Wrong: Because he is ill, therefore he is absent.
   • Right: Because he is ill, he is absent. (Use only one connector).
   • Wrong: He returned back. (Remove ‘back’).
3. Hard vs. Hardly:
   • He works hard. (Effort).
   • He hardly works. (Lazy/Does nothing).
4. No Sooner:
   • Must follow: No sooner had… than…
5. Comprise:
   • Active: The team comprises 11 players. (No ‘of’).
   • Passive: The team is composed of 11 players.

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9. Vocabulary & Conversions

A. Word Conversion (Noun $\leftrightarrow$ Verb $\leftrightarrow$ Adj)

• Noun $\to$ Adjective:
  • Mouth $\to$ Oral
  • Village $\to$ Rural
  • Father $\to$ Fatherly
• Noun/Adj $\to$ Verb:
  • Large $\to$ Enlarge
  • Beauty $\to$ Beautify
  • Slave $\to$ Enslave
  • Friend $\to$ Befriend

B. Prefixes & Suffixes (Memorize these meanings)

• Mal-: Bad (Malnutrition).
• Be-: Make (Befriend).
• Fore-: Before (Forehead).
• -fy: Make (Beautify).
• -ling/-let: Small (Duckling, Booklet).

C. Synonyms & Antonyms (PYQ Repeats)

• Adverse: (Antonym) Favorable.
• Hazard: (Synonym) Danger.
• Enemy: (Antonym) Friend.
• Active: (Antonym) Passive.
• Repair: (Antonym of Damage).